Doyle Abstract

The Two-Stage Solution to the Problem of Free Will

Random noise in the neurobiology of animals allows for the generation of alternative possibilities for action. In lower animals, this shows up as behavioral freedom.  Animals are not causally pre-determined by prior events going back in a causal chain to the origin of the universe.  In higher animals, randomness can be consciously invoked to generate surprising new behaviors.  In humans, creative new ideas can be critically evaluated and deliberated.  On reflection, options can be rejected and sent back for “second thoughts” before a final responsible decision and action.
When the random noise is limited to the early stage of a mental decision, the decision itself can be described as adequately determined. This is called a two-stage model, first “free”generation of ideas, then an adequately determined “will.” We propose our Cogito model as the best current explanation for human free will. We compare this model to past suggestions and situate it in the taxonomy of current free will positions.

A credible free will model may restore some balance to a disturbing social trend that considers moral responsibility impossible on the basis of philosophical reasoning, psychological studies, and advances in neuroscience.